NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World || History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World Exercise solution || Class 9 History Pastoralists in the Modern World Exercise Solution ||

Subject	SST (History)
Class	9
Chapter No.	5
Chapter Name	Pastoralists in the Modern World
Type	Exercise Solution

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 5 :- Pastoralists in the Modern World  :- PDF

In this article, we will provide you with NCERT Exercise Solutions For Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 1 The French Revolution to help students in their CBSE exam preparation. This solution provides them with answers to the Exercise questions provided in the NCERT Class 9 textbooks.

Pastoralists in the Modern World  EXERCISE

Ques 1 :- Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement ?

 

Ans :- The nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another because :-

-- They do not have regular fields to get fodder for their herds. They need pastures to graze their livestock.

-- They cannot stay for long in one area because availability of pasture and water is limited.

-- In winter, when the high mountains are covered with snow, they live in lower hills. The dry scrub forests provide pasture for their herds.

-- In summer, the nomads begin climbing up the mountain slopes to the summer grazing grounds. With the onset of summer, snow melts and the mountain fields turn green.

Therefore, they complete a cyclic (continuous) movement between summer and winter in the hilly areas.

Advantages to the environment:

-- The cyclic movement of the pastoralists allows sufficient time for restoration of natural vegetation.

-- The vegetation on the higher tracts of mountains and on the foothills are not allowed to overgrow and it is utilised by humans and animals.

-- The continuous movement of the pastoralists adds manure to the fields and allows the pastures to recover. Grazing on the pastures prevents overuse of land for cultivation and other purposes.

Ques 2 :- Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists:

 

---  Waste Land rules            

---  Forest Acts

--- Criminal Tribes Act        

---  Grazing Tax

 

Ans :- The colonial government in India brought in various laws that had a significant impact on the lives of pastoralists:

 

(a) Wasteland rules : The colonial government considered all uncultivated lands or wastelands as unproductive as they neither generated revenue nor agricultural produce.

-- In order to bring these ‘wasteland’ under cultivation, the Waste Land Rules were enacted throughout India from the mid-nineteenth century.

-- These lands were given to select individuals with various concessions and encouraged to settle them.

-- Most of these lands were earlier used by pastoralists for grazing. So the expansion of cultivation meant that there was a decline in the number of pastures, which was a problem for pastoralists.

(b) Forest Acts :- To produce timber that could be sold for a profit such as sal or deodar, a number of forest rule were passed.

-- Pastoralists were prohibited from entering certain forest sections that had been designated as “Reserved”.

-- Pastoralists enjoyed certain customary grazing rights in those regions designated as “Protected” but their freedom of movement was severely restricted.

-- The colonial rulers believed that grazing harmed roots and reduced the fertility of the forests, thus they passed these prohibitions.

-- It had an impact on the pastoralists since it limited their movements and set time limits for how much time they could spend in the woodlands.

-- It is safe to assume that the forest departments’ permissions dictated every aspect of their existence.

(c) Criminal Tribes Act : The colonial government wanted people to live in fixed locations with set rights to make ruling easier.

-- They saw settled people as peaceful and obedient but were suspicious of nomadic and pastoral tribes who moved around and didn't have fixed homes.

-- In 1871,they passed the Criminal Tribes Act, labeling many pastoralists, craftsmen, and traders as Criminal Tribes.

-- These groups had to stay in designated villages and needed permits to move. The police closely monitored them.

(d) Grazing Tax :- In order to increase its revenue, the colonial government imposed a tax on land, salt, canal water, and also animals. Pastoralists had to pay a tax on every animal they took to graze in the pastures.

-- The Grazing Tax was introduced in India by the mid-nineteenth century. In the 1850s, the right to collect these taxes was auctioned off to contractors.

-- The contractors, on their part, tried to extract as much tax as possible in order to recover the money they paid to the government.

-- In order to pay less, the pastoralists had to decrease the number of animals they took for grazing.

Ques 3 :- Give reasons to explain why the Maasai community lost their grazing lands.

Ans :- The Maasai community have lost their grazing lands over the years due to the following reasons:

-- The lives of the African pastoralists have changed drastically in the colonial and post- colonial phases. In the 19th century, the European powers were fighting for colonies. They occupied several regions which were divided by multiple international borders.

-- Maasai land was divided between the British and the Germans. The Maasai community was pushed into a small area which considerably reduced their grazing lands.

-- The colonial rulers promoted cultivation on pasture lands. The movement of herders was restricted in these settlements. The Maasais, therefore, lost their grazing areas.

-- The Maasais were forced to live in a dry area where there was little water and poor pasture. They could not graze their herds in such areas.

-- The Maasai community was not left with many pasture tracts. As a result, their livestock declined and their economic conditions became worse.

-- The British converted many forests into game reserves like the Maasai Mara, Serengeti National Park and Samburu National Park. This led to a fall in pasture lands.

Ques 4 :- There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes that were similar for Indian pastoralists and Maasai herders.

Ans :- Two examples of similar changes forced upon Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders by the modern world are :-

(a) Loss of grazing lands :- Both Indian pastoralists and the Maasai faced the loss of their traditional grazing lands due to the expansion of settled agriculture, establishment of protected areas, and privatization of lands by colonial and post-colonial governments.

(b) Restriction on mobility :- Colonial laws and policies restricted the mobility of both Indian pastoralists and the Maasai, disrupting their traditional migratory patterns and access to resources.

-- These included laws like the Forest Acts, Waste Land Rules, and policies that favoured settled agriculture over pastoralism.